Hymenoptera Stings
The honeybee (Apis mellifera), the European wasp (Vespula germanica) and ants from the genus Myremcia all belong to the insect order Hymenoptera and are important examples of venomous hymenopterans. Most often their sting causes a painful local reaction with little systemic effect.
However, in sensitised individuals these stings can cause severe local or general allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.
Note that dose-dependent toxicity can sometimes occur after bee and wasp stings. Haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis and metabolic derangement may precede clinical deterioration.
It should also be noted that dogs have died after being stung thousands of times by a swarm of bees. Severe envenomation may cause hypotension, pulmonary oedema, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and DIC. Treatment of the critically ill victim includes immediate airway and fluid support and the administration of epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Death can occur in less than 45 minutes.
There have been several reports of acute renal failure in dogs following envenomation by bullants. All dogs had been tethered over a bullant nest and received multiple stings. There was local reaction at the envenomation sites, lethargy and vomiting. Intensive treatment of renal failure was successful in two of the three reported dogs.
(Reference: Abraham et al. 2004 Aust. Vet. J. 82: 43-47; Esnouf, D. 2005 Control & Therapy No. 4606)
A Queensland veterinarian has reviewed 90 canine cases of suspected cane toad poisoning. Small breed dogs accounted for 76% of cases. Jack Russell, silky and fox terriers were the most represented breeds. Cases were reported year round with fewest cases over the winter months. The most common clinical signs were increased salivation (78% of cases), and red oral mucous membranes (63% of cases). Seizures occurred in 31% of cases. Generally the outcome was excellent with 96% survival.
(Reference: Reeves, M.P. 2004 Aust. Vet. J. 82: 608-11)
Contributed by R. Brooks. Last updated: January 2008
